The Testimony of Truth Gnostic Teaching on Martyrdom

The Testimony of Truth Gnostic Teaching on Martyrdom

The Testimony of Truth

The foolish - thinking in their heart that if they confess, "We are Christians," in word only (but) not with power, while giving themselves over to ignorance, to a human death, not knowing where they are going nor who Christ is, thinking that they will live, when they are (really) in error - hasten towards the principalities and authorities. They fall into their clutches because of the ignorance that is in them. For (if) only words which bear testimony were effecting salvation, the whole world would endure this thing and would be saved. But it is in this way that they drew error to themselves. ...
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... they do not know that they will destroy themselves. If the Father were to desire a human sacrifice, he would become vainglorious.

For the Son of Man clothed himself with their first-fruits; he went down to Hades and performed many mighty works. He raised the dead therein; and the world-rulers of darkness became envious of him, for they did not find sin in him. But he also destroyed their works from among men, so that the lame, the blind, the paralytic, the dumb, (and) the demon-possessed were granted healing. And he walked upon the waters of the sea. For this reason he destroyed his flesh from [...] which he [...]. And he became [...] salvation [...] his death ...
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... everyone [...] how many they are! They are blind guides, like the disciples. They boarded the ship; at about thirty stadies, they saw Jesus walking on the sea. These are empty martyrs, since they bear witness only to themselves. And yet they are sick, and they are not able to raise themselves.

But when they are "perfected" with a (martyr's) death, this is the thought that they have within them: "If we deliver ourselves over to death for the sake of the Name we will be saved." These matters are not settled in this way. But through the agency of the wandering stars they say they have "completed" their futile "course", and [...] say, [...]. But these [...] they have delivered themselves ...
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... but they resemble [...] them. They do not have the word which gives life. (The Testimony of Truth)

Study 

The Testimony of Truth the author is anonymous—it challenges the idea that God wants people to die as martyrs

The word "martyr" is from martus, elsewhere rendered witness, it indicates one who bears witness to the truth 

3144. martus ► Strong's Concordance
martus: a witness

Original Word: μάρτυς, υρος, ὁ

in a legal sense: Matthew 18:16; Matthew 26:65; Mark 14:63; Acts 6:13; Acts 7:58; 2 Corinthians 13:1; 1 Timothy 5:19; Hebrews 10:28.
in an historical sense: Acts 10:41; 1 Timothy 6:12; (2 Timothy 2:2);
one who is a spectator of anything, e. g. of a contest, Hebrews 12:1;
with a genitive of the object, Luke 24:48; Acts 1:22; Acts 2:32; Acts 3:15; Acts 5:32 G L T Tr WH; Acts 10:39; Acts 26:16; 1 Peter 5:1;
with a genitive of the possessor 'one who testifies for one', Acts 1:8 L T Tr WH; ; with a genitive of the possessor and of the object, Acts 5:32 Rec.; μάρτυρα εἶναι τίνι, to be a witness for one, serve him by testimony, Acts 1:8 R G; ; (Luke 11:48 T Tr WH).
He is said to be a witness, to whose attestation appeal is made; hence, the formulas μάρτυς μου ἐστιν ὁ Θεός, Romans 1:9; Philippians 1:8;
It's author is challenging the radical christian bishops who encourage "martyrdom" and accuse them of complicity in murder

Its focus on martyrdom also indicates composition during a period of persecution, making a date prior to the early fourth century more likely

Testim. Truth is clearly not sympathetic to Christians who confess before the Roman authorities and consequently suffer martyrdom. The author describes the ignorance and error of martyrs-by-death as follow:

The Testimony of Truth
The foolish - thinking in their heart that if they confess, "We are Christians," in word only (but) not with power, while giving themselves over to ignorance, to a human death, not knowing where they are going nor who Christ is, thinking that they will live, when they are (really) in error - hasten towards the principalities and authorities. They fall into their clutches because of the ignorance that is in them. For (if) only words which bear testimony were effecting salvation, the whole world would endure this thing and would be saved. But it is in this way that they drew error to themselves. ...... they do not know that they will destroy themselves. If the Father were to desire a human sacrifice, he would become vainglorious. (The Testimony of Truth)

This text depicts “so-called Christians” who undergo martyrdom at the hands of persecutors as misguided fools, who mistakenly believe that “death for the sake of the name will offer them salvation

According to Testim. Truth then, ignorance fosters a misguided desire for martyrdom— “they do not know they will destroy themselves”

 If the Father were to desire a human sacrifice, he would become vainglorious. (The Testimony of Truth)

The author of Testimony of Truth notes that if God were to desire human sacrifice, then he would be guilty of vanity

"We are Christians," in word only (but) not with power, For (if) only words which bear testimony were effecting salvation, the whole world would endure this thing and would be saved. (The Testimony of Truth)

Testim. Truth casts the idea that a simple confession, “mere words,” saves as so easy that it is ridiculous

 

He reflects that those who claim to witness via death are like the disciples, as “blind guides,” confused at the shore of Sea of Galilee (33,21-24).35 On the futility of their efforts, he remarks

These are empty martyrs, since they bear witness only to themselves. And yet they are sick, and they are not able to raise themselves. (The Testimony of Truth)

The author rejects the notion that a martyr’s death brings perfection and automatic salvation, and adds that the only “witness” martyrs bear is to themselves 

Note Exposing the misguided motives and “emptiness” of a martyr’s death

The description of their erroneous logic continues: “When they are ‘perfected’ with passion (paqos), this is the thought they have within them, ‘If we deliver ourselves over to death for the sake of the name, we will be saved’”

But when they are "perfected" with a (martyr's) death, this is the thought that they have within them: "If we deliver ourselves over to death for the sake of the Name we will be saved." These matters are not settled in this way. But through the agency of the wandering stars they say they have "completed" their futile "course", and [...] say, [...]. But these [...] they have delivered themselves ... (The Testimony of Truth)

This, therefore, is the true testimony: When man comes to know himself and God, who is over the truth, he will be saved, and he will crown himself with the crown unfading. (The Testimony of Truth)

Having rejected testimony by death, Testim. Truth redefines appropriate martyrdom as an individual enterprise centered on knowledge, relating, “This, therefore, is the true testimony When one knows himself and God who is over the truth, he will be saved, and he will be crowned with the crown unfading” (44,30-45,6).

Heracleon disparaged literal martyrdom, arguing that it was useless to confess Christ with a martyr’s death and yet to have denied him by one’s conduct (Strom. 4.71–72). Heracleon is said to have argued that “there is confession with faith and conduct, and there is vocal confession. Vocal confession takes place also in the presence of authorities, and most people wrongly think that this alone is truly confession. Yet hypocrites are capable of making this same kind of confession” (Strom. 4.71.1–2).

Church History

The following is taken form Eureka Vol 1 by Dr. John Thomas 1868:

We suspect Irenaeus was infected with this depth of the Satan, for he speaks of "the martyrs" hastening to Christ; as though they would enter into his presence before the resurrection! Nay, we are now sure of it; for further on, in his account of the persecution at Lyons and Vienne, he says of Vettius Epagathus who suffered death, "he was, and is still a genuine disciple of Christ, following the Lamb whithersoever he goeth" -- a quotation seventy years after John's death, from Apoc. xiv. 4. Now Vettius could only "follow the Lamb whithersoever he goeth" after his death, upon the principle of immediate translation to heaven, which was styled "the birthday of martyrdom." In another place, he speaks of "eternal fire in hell" for the apostate.

Ignatius was an elder of the ecclesia at Antioch, but possessed of a fanatical desire for martyrdom, which was contrary to the instruction of the Lord Jesus, who said, "when they persecute you in one city, flee to another." But instead of this, when the Emperor Trajan came to Antioch, about A.D. 107, on his way to the Parthian war, Ignatius voluntarily delivered himself up to Trajan, into whose presence he was introduced. "What an impious spirit art thou," said the emperor, "both to transgress our commands, and to inveigle others into the same folly to their ruin!"

Ignatius, who had been an episcopal in the Star-Angel of the ecclesia at Antioch for thirty-seven years, twenty-six years of which he was officially contemporary with the apostle John, came to Smyrna on his way to Rome A.D. 107, whither he was sent by order of Trajan, "to be thrown to the wild beasts for the entertainment of the people."

Polycarp was put to death sixty years after Ignatius, A.D. 167. If he was one of those in Smyrna to whom the Spirit saith, "I know thy works, and tribulation, and poverty -- but thou art rich;" and if he continued "rich in faith" to the end, (which his martyrdom is no proof of, as many of "the synagogue of the Satan" also suffered),

Many of the Satan's synagogue who rejoiced in Jezebel, possessed spiritual gifts, and could speak with tongues, and prophesy, and understand mysteries, and had the knowledge, and the faith to remove mountains, and bestowed their goods to feed the poor; and not only in some cases gave their bodies to be burned; but in crowds rushed to martyrdom, till the pagan authorities refused to kill them; and told them to become their own executioners. Still, as Paul intimates, they were nothing; for they were destitute of "love." So it is now.

Multitudes had a rage for martyrdom, and gave their bodies to the fire in expiation of iniquity, transgression, and apostasy. These were "those who committed adultery with Jezebel," the clerical fathers, and "her children," who looked up to those fathers as the deluded people of "the religious world" look up now to the clergy who deceive them, regarding them with awe as their "spiritual guides" and "fathers in Cod."


All such, who gave their bodies to be burned, or to be thrown to the wild beasts, or to any other form of martyrdom, were mere "sounding brass and tinkling cymbals;" and heirs of the vengeance to be revealed in "the Second Death." They had not faith to give them the victory over the world; so the world overcame them by its seductions, and exposed them to be "hurt of the Second Death," which is manifested after the resurrection of the flesh. When this time arrives, the "bed" will have been prepared for Jezebel, and she will then be "cast into it;" and not she only, but with her them that commit adultery. This bed is the "great tribulation," or "sorrow," in which the antichristian apostasy is to be destroyed at the apocalypse of Jesus Christ in "the Hour of judgment;" when Babylon, the Great City, falls because of her having prostituted and debauched all the nations with her blasphemies and abominations. The ecclesiasticism of the earth and of the whole habitable, with all the clerical orders by which it is upheld, will be utterly abolished by the wrath of the Deity poured out without mixture, which they will be compelled to drink with great torment in the presence of Jesus and the Saints (Apoc. xiv. 7-11; xviii. 2). Eureka Vol 1

All this voluntary martyrdom was the result of ignorance and misdirected zeal. It was no proof of the sufferers being Christ’s Brethren. We may admit the piety and sincerity of many of them; but Paul has taught us that giving the body to be burned is no equivalent for the want of that "love," which he, after the teaching of the Christ, says is "the fulfilling of the law" -- hoping and believing all the things testified in the truth (1 Cor. 13). Martyrdom, then, is no proof of a man’s being in Christ; and without being in him, he cannot be a brother of Christ.

The most it proves is the sincerity and devotion of the martyr to his profession, whatever that may be. Hence, the martyrdom of Huss, Jerome, Cranmer, Servetus, and such like, proved the sincerity of their anti-romish and anti-calvinistic opinions; it did not alter the fact of their being eminently pious members of the Apostasy; the stain of which cannot be obliterated by body-burning, but only by an intelligent belief and obedience of the truth.

is the spirit of jealousy a demon Numbers 5-14

is the spirit of jealousy a demon Numbers 5:14 Numbers 5:30 

Numbers 5:14 

English Standard Version

and if the spirit of jealousy comes over him and he is jealous of his wife who has defiled herself, or if the spirit of jealousy comes over him and he is jealous of his wife, though she has not defiled herself,

What do other translations say?

Amplified Bible

and if a spirit (sense, attitude) of jealousy comes over him and he is jealous and angry at his wife who has defiled herself—or if a spirit of jealousy comes over him and he is jealous of his wife when she has not defiled herself—

New International Version

and if feelings of jealousy come over her husband and he suspects his wife and she is impure—or if he is jealous and suspects her even though she is not impure—

Majority Standard Bible
and if a feeling of jealousy comes over her husband and he suspects his wife who has defiled herself—or if a feeling of jealousy comes over him and he suspects her even though she has not defiled herself—

New American Bible
or if a man is overcome by a feeling of jealousy that makes him suspect his wife, and she has defiled herself; or if a man is overcome by a feeling of jealousy that makes him suspect his wife and she has not defiled herself—

NET Bible and if jealous feelings come over him and he becomes suspicious of his wife, when she is defiled; or if jealous feelings come over him and he becomes suspicious of his wife, when she is not defiled--

So other translations interpreter this has feelings of jealousy nothing supernatural here than

the words satan, the devil, demons are not used here 

what is meant by spirit 

The Hebrew word for "spirit" is ruach, the basic meaning of which is to breathe heavily. When the word is used of the wind, as it is on some occasions, it denotes a strong, powerful wind. Similarly the ruach (spirit) of God is said to rush suddenly and powerfully on a man (Judges 14:6; Ezek. 3:14; Acts 2:3).

 It is used here in the sense of an over-mastering rush of feeling. Jealousy is a powerful emotion, often stimulated by zeal, and people can find themselves so ruled by it as to find their normal placid personalities completely changed into the most violent and extreme passion and actions. It can cause affection to be replaced by anger towards the one previously loved for it is hardly likely that a man would experience jealousy in regard to someone of whom he is not fond.

Ru´ach and pneu´ma are both used to designate a frame of mind that causes a person to display a certain attitude, disposition, or emotion or to take a certain action or course.

This use of the Hebrew and Greek terms rendered “spirit” are basically related to breath or to air in motion is paralleled to a considerable degree by English expressions. Thus, we speak of a person as ‘putting on airs,’ or of manifesting an ‘air of calmness’ or of ‘having a bad spirit.’ We speak of ‘breaking a person’s spirit,’ in the sense of discouraging and disheartening him. 

As applying to a group of persons and the shared mind set they have, we may talk of ‘getting into the spirit of an occasion,’ or we may refer to the ‘mob spirit’ that infects them. (spirit used as a collective noun of a group of people who have the same mind) 

 Metaphorically we may refer to an ‘atmosphere of discontent’ or to ‘winds of change and revolution blowing through a nation.’ By all of these we refer to the mind working in persons, moving them to speak and act as they do.

Similarly, we read of Isaac and Rebekah’s “bitterness of spirit” resulting from Esau’s marriage to Hittite women (Ge 26:34, 35) 

35 And they were a grief of mind to Isaac and Rebekah.

Literal Standard Version
and they are a bitterness of spirit to Isaac and to Rebekah.

and of the sadness of spirit that overwhelmed Ahab, robbing him of his appetite. (1Ki 21:5) 

King James Bible
But Jezebel his wife came to him, and said unto him, Why is thy spirit so sad, that thou eatest no bread?

A “spirit of jealousy” could move a man to view his wife with suspicion, even to bring charges against her of adultery.—Nu 5:14, 30.

All this, which applies to normal relationships, has its application in those that exist between Yahweh and His people. One of His names is that of Qanna or Jealous (Exod. 34:14). It reminds worshippers that He demands their undivided loyalty, and that anything less than that will stimulate the spirit of Jealousy as far as He is concerned (See Ezek. 8:5). A believer's love waxes cold (see Matt. 24:21; Rev. 2:4) when alienation of affection is caused through worldly influences, and this becomes the cause of jealousy on the part of Yahweh. He clearly detects a lack of the true spirit of love which should motivate those who have embraced the covenant of faith in Christ. They become indifferent towards Him. What is the cause of this alienation of affection? Is it not the influence of the world? Does not James teach that friendship with the world is the cause of enmity with God?

 And does he not indict such who are guilty of this as being "adulteresses" whatever sex they might be literally? Hence, in the terms of this parabolic law, the spirit of jealousy can come upon God, Who is described as Israel's Husband (Isa. 54:5). In that light, this law had a significance for every Israelite, irrespective as to their normal domestic relationships.

Many of those accused of adultery in the Scriptures were physically very moral people dwelling in complete unity with their wives, but guilty of a friendship with the world that constituted them spiritual adulteresses (James 4:4). And that, we believe, is the key to this law. When a woman lacked in wifely duties, she became subject to this law of jealousy; when a believer lacks in his duties towards the Truth and towards God, he, too, incites the spirit of jealousy in God.

A Spirit of Infirmity Luke 13:10-13 Prov 17:22

A Spirit of Infirmity

Luke 13:10-13 

10 Now He was teaching in one of the synagogues on the Sabbath. 

11 And behold, there was a woman who had a spirit of infirmity eighteen years, and was bent over and could in no way raise herself up. 

12 But when Jesus saw her, He called her to Him and said to her, “Woman, you are loosed from your infirmity.” 

13 And He laid His hands on her, and immediately she was made straight, and glorified God.

14 But the ruler of the synagogue answered with indignation, because Jesus had healed on the Sabbath; and he said to the crowd, “There are six days on which men ought to work; therefore come and be healed on them, and not on the Sabbath day.”
15 The Lord then answered him and said, “Hypocrite! Does not each one of you on the Sabbath loose his ox or donkey from the stall, and lead it away to water it? 

16 So ought not this woman, being a daughter of Abraham, whom Satan has bound—think of it—for eighteen years, be loosed from this bond on the Sabbath?” 17 And when He said these things, all His adversaries were put to shame; and all the multitude rejoiced for all the glorious things that were done by Him.

Prov 17:22 A heart that is joyful does good as a curer, but a spirit that is stricken makes the bones dry

medical diagnosis: 

arthritis of the spine, 

self inflated bad posture maybe?

Spirit  the basic meaning of which is to breathe heavily. When the word is used of the wind, as it is on some occasions, it denotes a strong, powerful wind. Similarly the ruach (spirit) of God is said to rush suddenly and powerfully on a man It is used here in the sense of an over-mastering rush of nagtive feeling.

Spirit mind and heart (feelings) of a person 

but a spirit that is stricken makes the bones dry

 And behold, there was a woman who had a spirit of infirmity eighteen years, and was bent over and could in no way raise herself up.

psychosomatic

adjective

1. 1.

   (of a physical illness or other condition) caused or aggravated by a mental factor such as internal conflict or stress.

Look, when you get down to it, even mental states are actually only physical states, are they not? I mean, the brain is just a-a chemical supercomputer (Dr. Rodney Mckay) 

The brain creates chemicals which produce feelings and emotions

Like it or not, emotions share some very real biochemical links with your nervous system, immune system and digestive system.

Consciousness is a property of the brain, and the brain is a biochemical engine or its just a chemical super-computer.

Sin originates in the brain-flesh, not in the mind.

The Scriptures recognize the psychosomatic principle, though only in relatively recent times have medical researchers in general become aware that there is some connection between pathological conditions in the body and a person’s emotional state. Proverbs 17:22 states: “A heart that is joyful does good as a curer, but a spirit that is stricken makes the bones dry.”

 Such emotions as envy, fear, greed, hate, and selfish ambition are injurious, whereas good and sometimes remedial effects are produced through cultivating and displaying love, joy, peace, long-suffering, kindness, goodness, faith, mildness, and self-control, the fruitage of the spirit. (Ga 5:22, 23)

 The Scriptures do not, of course, classify all illness as psychosomatic, nor do they rule out as objectionable all consulting of and treatment by physicians. Paul called the faithful Christian Luke “the beloved physician.”—Col 4:14.

The bones are the interior supporting framework of the body, and as such are used in the Bible metaphorically to represent one’s being, especially as affected by deep feelings and emotions. Thus, the bones of a fearful individual are said to be “filled with dread.” (Job 4:14) One’s bones can shake because of extreme dejection or be “hot from dryness” because of disease. (Jer 23:9; Job 30:30) 

Concerning the prophets: My heart is broken within me; all my bones tremble. I am like a drunken man, like a strong man overcome by wine, because of the LORD and his holy words.

Job 30:30 KJV

My skin is black upon me, And my bones are burned with heat.

The fear of Yahweh is ‘a refreshment to the bones.’ (Pr 3:8) A good report is said to ‘make the bones fat’ or fill them with marrow, that is, invigorate the whole body. (Pr 15:30) “Pleasant sayings are . . . a healing to the bones.” (Pr 16:24) On the other hand, negative emotions can have a harmful effect on one’s organism. “A spirit that is stricken makes the bones dry.” (Pr 17:22) A wife that acts shamefully is said to be to her husband “as rottenness in his bones.” (Pr 12:4) The harboring of jealousy toward others can also be destructive to a person physically and spiritually, and so “jealousy is rottenness to the bones.”—Pr 14:30. 

Spirit of infirmity 

Spirit not a demon, spirit refers to the human mind and heart

illnesses caused by a bad human spirit wrong mental attitude: 

Prov 17:22 A heart that is joyful does good as a curer, but a spirit that is stricken makes the bones dry

17: 22 ¶  A merry heart doeth good [like] a medicine: but a broken spirit drieth the bones.

spirit that is stricken makes the bones dry compare Spirit of infirmity 

makes the bones dry arthritis of the spine caused by the sin in the flesh due to the spirit of man being stricken with bad emotions (heart, spirit) effecting the nervous system (brain), immune system (flesh) and digestive system (soul)

Prov  18:14 The spirit of a man can put up with his malady; but as for a stricken spirit, who can bear it?

18:14 ¶  The spirit of a man will sustain his infirmity; but a wounded spirit who can bear?

2Co 7:10  Godly sorrow brings repentance that leads to salvation and leaves no regret, but worldly sorrow brings death.

was a lame woman whose body had for 18 years been hunched over and could not stand up straight by disease—called in the narrative “a spirit of infirmity” and “Satan”—the personified adversary which is SIN. 

Caused by SIN the curse placed on Adam 

Notice the language at the end of v 12 " thou art loosed from thine infirmity." She was loosed from her infirmity - by inference before that she was bound by her infirmity. 

Look at  verse 16, Jesus speaking says, "And ought not this woman, being a daughter of Abraham, whom Satan hath bound, lo, these  eighteen years, be loosed from this bond on the sabbath day?" (not the spirit of infirmity - but Satan)

 

What does Satan mean to you? Well simply Satan means in the Old Testament 'satan' – adversary. This woman was in an adverse situation. She had arthritis - she was buckled up, she couldn't straighten up. So can we see that the spirit of infirmity is synonymous here with the term 'satan'? She was bound by her infirmity or we might say she was bound by 'satan' and the nature of this satan was arthritis. She had been bent up with arthritis, and now she was made straight.

Satan and the spirit of infirmity are equivalent expressions

“Satan”—the personified adversary = The Sin in the flesh

Romans 5:12 That is why, just as through one man sin entered into the world and death through sin, and thus death spread to all men (by genetic inheritance) because they had all sinned

Hebrews 2:14 Therefore, since the “young children” are sharers of blood and flesh, he also partook of the same things, that through his death (not his life) he might bring to nothing the one having the means to cause death (the sin in the flesh has the power of death), that is, the Devil (devil personification of sin)

Romans  8:3 For, there being an incapability on the part of the Law, while it was weak through the flesh, God, by sending his own Son in the likeness of sinful flesh and concerning sin, condemned the sin in the flesh 

condemned sin in a sinful nature called the body of sin

Sometimes Illnesses come from God or Yahweh not Satan the devil, demons or so-called evil spirits  (Iasiah 45:7  1Samuel 16:14,15)

Deut 28:22 The Lord will strike you with consumption, with fever, with inflammation, with severe burning fever, with the sword, with scorching, and with mildew; they shall pursue you until you perish.

Deut 28:27The Lord will strike you with the boils of Egypt, with tumors, with the scab, and with the itch, from which you cannot be healed. 

28The Lord will strike you with madness and blindness (another type of so-called demon illness) and confusion of heart. 

29And you shall grope at noonday, as a blind man gropes in darkness; you shall not prosper in your ways; you shall be only oppressed and plundered continually, and no one shall save you.

What is the difference between the 'brain' and the 'mind'?

Answer:

It may seem, on the surface, that distinguishing between the brain and the mind is not important but to understand the Scriptures properly we must recognize the difference in the brain versus that which the brain produces.

The difference is seen in considering the two words, “brain” and “mind”. The brain is brain-flesh, the physical source of the impulses of man’s defiled nature. The brain is defined as, “

The dictionary says, Brain: "That part of the central nervous system that includes all the higher nervous centers; enclosed within the skull". In other words it is the physical member of the body that controls the biological functions of the body in addition to producing thoughts, attitudes &c.

The mind is defined as, “human consciousness that originates in the brain and is manifested especially in thought, perception, emotion, will, memory, and imagination” (Am. Heritage Dictionary).  

Mind: Thinking produced by the brain.

The problem is that some false teaching say that sin is a matter of morality and not as a physical law of that nature’s constitution.

The uncleanness is shifted from the physical realm of the brain’s flesh to the mental-moral

realm.

 with this information we can can understand how a person with a bad spirit makes themsleves ill 

 its all about sin did you now that the sin in the flesh which is cellular aging

we do not die because we break gods law we die because of sin which by genetic inheritance was passed on from Adam 

this is called called cellular aging that physical element of animal nature which cause all diseases and death